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Webb, P. W., D. H. Hardy and V. L. Mehl (1992). The effect of armored skin on the swimming of longnose gar, Lepisosteus osseus. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 70:1173-1179.

Fast-starts and steady swimming were compared for two piscivorous fishes, the longnose gar Lepisosteus osseus, which has an integument armored with ganoid scales, and the unarmored tiger musky Esox sp.. The body was similarly flexed by both species during fast-starts and steady swimming. Therefore, the heavy integument of the gar did not affect flexibility during swimming. Distance traveled in a given elapsed time during fast-starts was lower for the gar, which averaged 65% of the work done by the musky. On the basis of differences in muscle mass, gars would be expected to perform 72% of the work of muskies during a fast-start. The heavier integument of the gar was estimated to contribute about 90% to the reduced fast-start performance. In steady swimming, mechanical power requirements at a given speed were similar for both gar and musky. Therefore, steady swimming costs do not appear to be affected by armor. The critical swimming speed of gars was 1.9 body lengths/s compared with 3.4 body lengths/s for muskies, but the difference could not be attributed to differences in armoring. The slip speed at which gars first began to swim was 1.21 body lengths/s compared with 0.75 body lengths/s for muskies. Higher station-holding performance is probably not important to modern gars and esocids, but may have been advantageous during the early radiation of fishes.