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Moring, J. R. (1993). Anadromous stocks. Pages 553-580 in C. C. Kohler and W. A. Hubert, eds. Inland Fisheries Management in North America, American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland (USA).

Management of anadromous species can be highly complex, involving the input of many agencies, municipalities, and groups, as well as biological and political concerns. Fortunately, fisheries managers have numerous tools at their disposal. Fish culture has been an important component of management plans since the mid- 1800s, but refinements in diet, disease control, growth, and survival are still needed. A critical concern for anadromous species is fish passage: maximizing survival for upstream and downstream-migrating fish. Computerized modelling exercises suggest that new techniques for diverting downstream fry, smolts, and spent adults may have a significant effect on survival, overall run numbers, and production. Genetic selection and improvements in stream habitat are also options available to fisheries managers to improve survival of wild and hatchery-produced fish. Further management options include some of the more innovative techniques, such as delayed release programs to promote localized sport fisheries. Fisheries managers must then decide how resources should be allocated. Along with this comes questions such as What is the optimal size of fish and time at release? How can the public become involved in habitat improvement and other restoration and enhancement programs? How can fisheries be improved through interagency and other types of cooperative management? These are the challenges in anadromous fish management.