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Fremling, C. R. (1987). Human impacts on Mississippi River ecology. Pages 235- 240 in M. P. Lynch and K. L. McDonald, eds. Estuarine and Coastal Management, Tools of the Trade, New Orleans, Louisiana (USA).
The Mississippi drains a basin of 4,759,049 km2, about 12% of North America. It is the third longest river in the world, has the second largest drainage basin, and is the fifth largest worldwide in average discharge. For the purposes of this paper, the Mississippi River (MR) is delineated into three reaches: 1) the Lower Mississippi River (LMR) extending from the Head-of-Passes upstream to the mouth of the Ohio River, 2) the Upper Mississippi River (UMR) extending from the mouth of the Ohio to St. Anthony Falls, Minnesota, and 3) the Headwaters (HW) extending upstream to the river's source at Lake Itasca.
U.S. Department of the Interior |
U.S. Geological Survey
URL: http://www.umesc.usgs.gov/data_library/fisheries/fish_passage/fremling.html
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