Parnell, J. F., Ainley, D. G., Blokpoel, H., Cain, B., Custer, T. W., Dusi, J. L.,
Kress, S., Kushlan, J. A. and Southern, W. E., 1988, Colonial waterbird
management in North America: Colonial Waterbirds, v. 11, no. 2, p. 129-169.

Abstract:

Colonial waterbirds are an important natural resource highly valued by many people
in Canada and the  United States. The habit of nesting often in large groups makes
these birds especially susceptible to problems,  such as human disturbance,
predation, severe weather events, and competition for nesting habitat. They, like all 
birds, also face threats from habitat degradation, loss and contamination of their
environments, and changes in  food webs. Management strategies to deal with these
problems include habitat preservation and restoration, the  elimination of toxic
chemicals from the environment, reduction of predation, competition, and
disturbance at  nesting sites, reintroduction of species to nesting sites from which
they have been eliminated, and fisheries  management from a multispecies
ecosystem perspective. Techniques are discussed and examples provided. A  few
colonial waterbird species have increased greatly in numbers and now pose
problems for other bird species  or are in conflict with people.

Keywords:

aquatic-birds, nature-conservation, resource-management, colonies,
aquatic-environment, Aves, reviews, North-America, North-America-Coasts,
wildlife-management; colonial-waterbirds